Friday, 13 November 2009

Comparative and Superlative degree of Adjectives and Adverbs


A - Comparison with -er/-est

clean - cleaner - (the) cleanest

We use -er/-est with the following adjectives:

1) adjectives with one syllable


clean


cleaner


cleanest


new


newer


newest


cheap


cheaper


cheapest

2) adjectives with two syllables and the following endings:

2 - 1) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y


dirty


dirtier


dirtiest


easy


easier


easiest


happy


happier


happiest


pretty


prettier


prettiest

2 - 2) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -er


clever


cleverer


cleverest

2 - 3) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -le


simple


simpler


simplest

2 - 4) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow


narrow


narrower


narrowest

 

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Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est


large


larger


largest


leave out the silent -e


big


bigger


biggest


Double the consonant after short vowel


sad


sadder


saddest


dirty


dirtier


dirtiest


Change -y to -i (consonant before -y)


shy


shyer


shyest


Here -y is not changed to -i.
(although consonant before -y)

 

 

_________________________________________________________________

B - Comparison with more - most

difficult - more difficult - (the) most difficult

All adjectives with more than one syllable (except some adjectives with two syllables - see  2 - 1 to 2 - 4)

 

_________________________________________________________________

C - Irregular adjectives


good


better


best


 


bad


worse


worst


 


much


more


most


uncountable nouns


many


more


most


countable nouns


little


less


least


 


little


smaller


smallest


 

 _________________________________________________________________

 

D - Special adjectives

Some ajdectives have two possible forms of comparison.

 


common


commoner / more common


commonest / most common


likely


likelier / more likely


likeliest / most likely


pleasant


pleasanter / more pleasant


pleasantest / most pleasant


polite


politer / more polite


politest / most polite


simple


simpler / more simple


simplest / most simple


stupid


stupider / more stupid


stupidest / most stupid


subtle


subtler / more subtle


subtlest


sure

Monday, 12 October 2009

The secret of your name


Discover the secret of your name:

Everybody has got a name. I would like to tell you what secret your name is. Let's start with my name: LUCAS
L = Love is something I deeply believe in.
U = I feel like I have to equal up to people's standards.
C = I definitely have a partier side in mine, an advice for me is that don't be shy to show it.
A = I can be very quiet when I have something on my mind.
S = I am very broad-minded.


Now, try yourself with your name or your friend name. Use the index below:


A = You can be very quiet when you have something on your mind.
B = You are always cautious when it comes to meeting newpeople.
C = You definitely have a partier side in you, don't be shy to show it.
D = You have trouble trusting people.
E = You are a very exciting person.
F = Everyone loves you.
G = You have excellent ways of viewing people.
H = You are not judgmental.
I = You are always smiling and making others smile.
J = Jealously
K = You like to try new things.
L = Love is something you deeply believe in.
M = Success comes easily to you.
N = You like to work, but you always want a break.
O = You are very open-minded.
P = You are very friendly and understanding.
Q = You are a hypocrite.
R = You are a social butterfly.
S = You are very broad-minded.
T = You have an attitude, a big one.
U = You feel like you have to equal up to people's standards.
V = You have a very good physique and looks.
W = You like your privacy.
X = You never let people tell you what to do.
Y = You cause a lot of trouble.
Z = You're always fighting with someone.


Hope you have a nice day!

Friday, 25 September 2009

Reported Speech




Tense in "Direct
speech"

Tense to use
in reported speech

SIMPLE
PRESENT

SIMPLE PAST

Cindy asked: "Do you like
watching TV?"

Giles said: "I don't mind
watching TV, but there are
things I like better


Cindy asked Giles if he liked
watching tV

Giles answered he didn't mind
watching TV, but there were
things he liked better.


PRESENT BE-ING

PAST BE-ING

Frank declared: " I am thinking
about moving"


Frank declared he was thinking
about moving


PAST BE-ING

PAST PERFECT BE-ING
He told them: "I
wasn't expecting
your visit"

He told them he hadn't been expecting
their visit


PRESENT PERFECT

PAST PERFECT
She said: " I have
just seen
an old friend of mine"

She said she had just seen
an old friend of hers.


PRESENT PERFECT BE-ING

PAST PERFECT BE-ING

He asked: "Paul, how long have
you been studying
English?"


He asked Paul how long he had been
studying
English


PAST PERFECT

PAST PERFECT
They said: "If we had
arrived
two minutes later, there would have been no
cake left"

They said that if they had arrived
two minutes later, there would have been no cake left.


PAST PERFECT BE-ING

PAST PERFECT BE-ING
He declared: " You had
been telling
me you wanted to see her"

He declared they had been telling
him they wanted to see her.


FUTURE (WILL)

CONDITIONAL (WOULD)
I asked: " Where will
you spend
your holiday ?"

I asked where they would spend their
holiday.


WILL + BE-ING

WOULD + BE-ING
Anna declared:" I will
be announcing
my engagement next month"

Anna declared she would be announcing
her engagement the following month


WOULD

WOULD
Tony said: "I would
like
something to eat. I wouldn't
mind
a drink either."

Tony said he would like
something to drink and wouldn't mind
a drink either.


Direct Speech
Reported Speech
today
that day
now
then
yesterday
the day before
… days ago
… days before
last week
the week before
next year
the following year
tomorrow
the next day / the following day
here
there
this
that
these
those



Mixed Exercise 1


Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a question.


  1. He said, "I like this song."
    → He said

  2. "Where is your sister?" she asked me.
    → She asked me

  3. "I don't speak Italian," she said.
    → She said

  4. "Say hello to Jim," they said.
    → They asked me

  5. "The film began at seven o'clock," he said.
    → He said

  6. "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said.
    → She told the boys

  7. "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him.
    → She asked him

  8. "I never make mistakes," he said.
    → He said

  9. "Does she know Robert?" he wanted to know.
    → He wanted to know

  10. "Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience.
    → The stuntman advised the audience













Mixed Exercise 2


Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a question and whether you have to change the tenses or not.


  1. "I was very tired," she said.
    → She said

  2. "Be careful, Ben," she said.
    → She told Ben

  3. "I will get myself a drink," she says.
    → She says

  4. "Why haven't you phoned me?" he asked me.
    → He wondered

  5. "I cannot drive them home," he said.
    → He said

  6. "Peter, do you prefer tea or coffee?" she says.
    → She asks Peter

  7. "Where did you spend your holidays last year?" she asked me.
    → She asked me

  8. He said, "Don't go too far."
    → He advised her

  9. "Have you been shopping?" he asked us.
    → He wanted to know

  10. "Don't make so much noise," he says.
    → He asks us











Sunday, 20 September 2009

Friday, 18 September 2009

"The Selfish Giant" By: Oscar Wilde



Every afternoon, as they were coming from school, the children used to go and play in the Giant's garden.
It was a large lovely garden, with soft green grass. Here and there over the grass stood beautiful flowers like stars, and there were twelve peach-trees that in the spring-time broke out into delicate blossoms of pink and pearl, and in the autumn bore rich fruit. The birds sat on the trees and sang so sweetly that the children used to stop their games in order to listen to them. "How happy we are here!" they cried to each other.
One day the Giant came back. He had been to visit his friend the Cornish ogre, and had stayed with him for seven years. After the seven years were over he had said all that he had to say, for his conversation was limited, and he determined to return to his own castle. When he arrived he saw the children playing in the garden.
"What are you doing here?" he cried in a very gruff voice, and the children ran away.
"My own garden is my own garden," said the Giant; "any one can understand that, and I will allow nobody to play in it but myself." So he built a high wall all round it, and put up a notice-board.
TRESPASSERS
WILL BE
PROSECUTED
He was a very selfish Giant.
The poor children had now nowhere to play. They tried to play on the road, but the road was very dusty and full of hard stones, and they did not like it. They used to wander round the high wall when their lessons were over, and talk about the beautiful garden inside. "How happy we were there," they said to each other.
Then the Spring came, and all over the country there were little blossoms and little birds. Only in the garden of the Selfish Giant it was still winter. The birds did not care to sing in it as there were no children, and the trees forgot to blossom. Once a beautiful flower put its head out from the grass, but when it saw the notice-board it was so sorry for the children that it slipped back into the ground again, and went off to sleep. The only people who were pleased were the Snow and the Frost. "Spring has forgotten this garden," they cried, "so we will live here all the year round." The Snow covered up the grass with her great white cloak, and the Frost painted all the trees silver. Then they invited the North Wind to stay with them, and he came. He was wrapped in furs, and he roared all day about the garden, and blew the chimney-pots down. "This is a delightful spot," he said, "we must ask the Hail on a visit." So the Hail came. Every day for three hours he rattled on the roof of the castle till he broke most of the slates, and then he ran round and round the garden as fast as he could go. He was dressed in grey, and his breath was like ice.
"I cannot understand why the Spring is so late in coming," said the Selfish Giant, as he sat at the window and looked out at his cold white garden; "I hope there will be a change in the weather."
But the Spring never came, nor the Summer. The Autumn gave golden fruit to every garden, but to the Giant's garden she gave none. "He is too selfish," she said. So it was always Winter there, and the North Wind, and the Hail, and the Frost, and the Snow danced about through the trees.
One morning the Giant was lying awake in bed when he heard some lovely music. It sounded so sweet to his ears that he thought it must be the King's musicians passing by. It was really only a little linnet singing outside his window, but it was so long since he had heard a bird sing in his garden that it seemed to him to be the most beautiful music in the world. Then the Hail stopped dancing over his head, and the North Wind ceased roaring, and a delicious perfume came to him through the open casement. "I believe the Spring has come at last," said the Giant; and he jumped out of bed and looked out.
What did he see?
He saw a most wonderful sight. Through a little hole in the wall the children had crept in, and they were sitting in the branches of the trees. In every tree that he could see there was a little child. And the trees were so glad to have the children back again that they had covered themselves with blossoms, and were waving their arms gently above the children's heads. The birds were flying about and twittering with delight, and the flowers were looking up through the green grass and laughing. It was a lovely scene, only in one corner it was still winter. It was the farthest corner of the garden, and in it was standing a little boy. He was so small that he could not reach up to the branches of the tree, and he was wandering all round it, crying bitterly. The poor tree was still quite covered with frost and snow, and the North Wind was blowing and roaring above it. "Climb up! little boy," said the Tree, and it bent its branches down as low as it could; but the boy was too tiny.
And the Giant's heart melted as he looked out. "How selfish I have been!" he said; "now I know why the Spring would not come here. I will put that poor little boy on the top of the tree, and then I will knock down the wall, and my garden shall be the children's playground for ever and ever." He was really very sorry for what he had done.
So he crept downstairs and opened the front door quite softly, and went out into the garden. But when the children saw him they were so frightened that they all ran away, and the garden became winter again. Only the little boy did not run, for his eyes were so full of tears that he did not see the Giant coming. And the Giant stole up behind him and took him gently in his hand, and put him up into the tree. And the tree broke at once into blossom, and the birds came and sang on it, and the little boy stretched out his two arms and flung them round the Giant's neck, and kissed him. And the other children, when they saw that the Giant was not wicked any longer, came running back, and with them came the Spring. "It is your garden now, little children," said the Giant, and he took a great axe and knocked down the wall. And when the people were going to market at twelve o'clock they found the Giant playing with the children in the most beautiful garden they had ever seen.
All day long they played, and in the evening they came to the Giant to bid him good-bye.
"But where is your little companion?" he said: "the boy I put into the tree." The Giant loved him the best because he had kissed him.
"We don't know," answered the children; "he has gone away."
"You must tell him to be sure and come here to-morrow," said the Giant. But the children said that they did not know where he lived, and had never seen him before; and the Giant felt very sad.
Every afternoon, when school was over, the children came and played with the Giant. But the little boy whom the Giant loved was never seen again. The Giant was very kind to all the children, yet he longed for his first little friend, and often spoke of him. "How I would like to see him!" he used to say.
Years went over, and the Giant grew very old and feeble. He could not play about any more, so he sat in a huge armchair, and watched the children at their games, and admired his garden. "I have many beautiful flowers," he said; "but the children are the most beautiful flowers of all."
One winter morning he looked out of his window as he was dressing. He did not hate the Winter now, for he knew that it was merely the Spring asleep, and that the flowers were resting.
Suddenly he rubbed his eyes in wonder, and looked and looked. It certainly was a marvellous sight. In the farthest corner of the garden was a tree quite covered with lovely white blossoms. Its branches were all golden, and silver fruit hung down from them, and underneath it stood the little boy he had loved.
Downstairs ran the Giant in great joy, and out into the garden. He hastened across the grass, and came near to the child. And when he came quite close his face grew red with anger, and he said, "Who hath dared to wound thee?" For on the palms of the child's hands were the prints of two nails, and the prints of two nails were on the little feet.
"Who hath dared to wound thee?" cried the Giant; "tell me, that I may take my big sword and slay him."
"Nay!" answered the child; "but these are the wounds of Love."
"Who art thou?" said the Giant, and a strange awe fell on him, and he knelt before the little child.
And the child smiled on the Giant, and said to him, "You let me play once in your garden, to-day you shall come with me to my garden, which is Paradise."
And when the children ran in that afternoon, they found the Giant lying dead under the tree, all covered with white blossoms.